Essential Learning Theories & Frameworks in IDT: Backward Design

Armes, J. W. (2020). Backward design and repertoire selection: Finding full expression. Music Educators Journal, 106(3), 54–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0027432119893735

Bopardikar, A., Mutch-Jones, K., Gasca, S., Csikari, M., & Chmiel, M. (2022). Supporting postsecondary educators to develop assessments for student learning based on backward design. The American Biology Teacher, 84(8), 459–466. https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2022.84.8.459

Bullard, J. (2020). Creating curriculum in early childhood: Enhanced learning through backward design (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203703816

Dazeley, R., Goriss-Hunter, A., Meredith, G., Sellings, P., Firmin, S., Burke, J., & Panther, B. (2025). Agile backward design: A framework for planning higher education curriculum. Australian Educational Researcher, 52(2), 1489–1508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-024-00772-7

González, J., Martínez, L., Aguas, R., Jhon De La, H., & Sánchez, H. (2023). Redesign and implementation of the electromagnetism course for engineering students using the backward design methodology. Sustainability, 15(16), 12152. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612152

Hills, M., Harcombe, K., & Bernstein, N. (2020). Using anticipated learning outcomes for backward design of a molecular cell biology course‐based undergraduate research experience. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, 48(4), 311–319. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmb.21350

Kantorski, B., Sanford-Dolly, C. W., Commisso, D. R., & Pollock, J. A. (2019). Backward design as a mobile application development strategy. Educational Technology Research and Development, 67(3), 711–731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-019-09662-7

Maldonado, S. (2023). Moving forward in nursing education using the backward design. Journal of Education (Boston, Mass.), 203(4), 925–930. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220574211070220

Neiles, K. Y., & Arnett, K. (2021). Backward design of chemistry laboratories: A primer. Journal of Chemical Education, 98(9), 2829–2839. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c00443

Pipe, L. M., & Stephens, J. T. (2021). Justice-forward course design. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 21(10), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.33423/jhetp.v21i10.4628

Reynolds, H. L., & Kearns, K. D. (2017). A planning tool for incorporating backward design, active learning, and authentic assessment in the college classroom. College Teaching, 65(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/87567555.2016.1222575

White, A., & Maguire, M. B. R. (2021). Using backward course design to create the next generation of nurse educator leaders. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 52(12), 554–557. https://doi.org/10.3928/00220124-20211108-06

Wilson, J. L. F. (2023). Using backward design to create a more diverse, equitable, and inclusive principles course. The Journal of Economic Education, 54(4), 440–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220485.2023.2243910

Wright, B. M., Hornsby, L., Marlowe, K. F., Fowlin, J., & Surry, D. W. (2018). Innovating pharmacy curriculum through backward design. TechTrends, 62(3), 224–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-018-0283-8

Zehnder, C. B., Manoylov, K., Mutiti, C., Mutiti, S., & VandeVoort, A. R. (2017). Applying the process of backward design in revising an environmental science program. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 7(2), 264–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-015-0356-3