Focuses on observable behaviors and how they're influenced by stimuli.
Key figures include B.F. Skinner and John Watson.
Ferster, C. B. & Skinner, B. F. (1957). Schedules of reinforcement. Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms: an experimental analysis. Appleton-Century.
Skinner, B. F. (1945). The operational analysis of psychological terms. Psychological Review, 52(5), 270–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0062535
Skinner, B. F. (1963). Behaviorism at fifty. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 140(3570), 951–958. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.140.3570.951
Skinner, B. F. (1965). Science and human behavior. Free Press.
Skinner, B. F. (1971). Beyond freedom and dignity (First edition.). Alfred A. Knopf.
Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behaviorism ([1st ed.].). Knopf.
Skinner, B. F. (1984). An operant analysis of problem solving. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7(4), 583–591. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00027412
Skinner, B. F. (2012). The experimental analysis of behavior. American Scientist, 100(1), 54–59.
Watson, J. B. (1913). Image and affection in behavior. The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, 10(16), 421–428. https://doi.org/10.2307/2012899
Watson, J. B. (1967). Behavior : an introduction to comparative psychology. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Watson, J. B. (1970). Behaviorism. W.W. Norton.
Watson, J. B. (1994). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 101(2), 248–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.101.2.248 (Note: this is a partial reprint of the original work.)
Araiba, S. (2019). Current diversification of behaviorism. Perspectives on Behavior Science, 43(1), 157–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-019-00207-0
Feeley, K. M., Waite-Stupiansky, S., & Cohen, L. E. (2023). The work of B.F. Skinner: Effective practices within early childhood settings. In Theories of Early Childhood Education (2nd ed., pp. 131–144). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003288077-13
Kay, D., & Kibble, J. (2016). Learning theories 101: Application to everyday teaching and scholarship. Advances in Physiology Education, 40(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00132.2015
Leeder, T. M. (2022). Behaviorism, Skinner, and operant Conditioning: Considerations for sport coaching practice. Strategies (Reston, Va.), 35(3), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/08924562.2022.2052776
McLaughlin, S. F. (2010). Verbal behavior by B.F. Skinner: Contributions to analyzing early language learning. Journal of Speech-Language Pathology & Applied Behavior Analysis, 5(2), 114–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100272
Moore, J. (2013). Mentalism as a radical behaviorist views it — Part 1. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 34(2), 133–164.
Moore, J. (2017). John B. Watson’s classical S–R behaviorism. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 38(1), 1–34.
Yarbrough, J. R. (2018). Adapting adult learning theory to support innovative, advanced, online learning -- WVMD Model. Research in Higher Education Journal, 35.